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NORTHERN SIERRA AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT DISTRICT GRETCHEN
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TATA INSTITUTE OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba,
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MATLAMAT (GOALS) The course aims to provide understanding and
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SECTION 212100 CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM PART 1
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TATA INSTITUTE OF FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba,
Mumbai 400 005 . A Deemed University Telephone: 91-22-2278
2316/2886/2887/2888 Email: psmurthy@tifr.res.in Purchase Fax:
91-22-2280 4566: sheela @ tifr . res.in Website: ww
Posted at 09-11-30 by
Actuators)
Servo control system with stability response Characteristic
actuators hydraulics pneumatics multiple servos Sensoring non
optical optical
MATLAMAT (GOALS) The course aims to provide understanding and
advance knowledge on modeling basis , planning, scheduling and
controlling in industrial manufacturing process related to process
and equipment used. HASIL PEMBELAJARA
Posted at 09-11-30 by
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SECTION 212100 CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM PART 1
GENERAL 1.01RELATED WORK SPECIFIED ELSEWHERE A. Painting: Section
099103. 1.02SUBMITTALS A. Shop Drawings: Fabrication details of each
major component.
electrically operated control head compatible with the
actuators
SECTION 212100 CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEM PART 1
GENERAL 1.01RELATED WORK SPECIFIED ELSEWHERE A. Painting: Section
099103. 1.02SUBMITTALS A. Shop Drawings: Fabrication details of each
major component.
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The development of electronic payment
December 2, 2010
First, our electronic payment profile:
e-commerce in the early 1990s with the rise of the United States and Canada. But in recent years was only generally accepted. Electronic payment in China is developing very rapidly, almost complete city liquidation, the national joint-line manual system, LaSalle National electronic systems, electronic exchange systems, the bank card payment system, postal savings and foreign exchange system, and China National Advanced Payment System a bank Internet banking system, trade and other eight categories of electronic payment and settlement systems. Electronic payment market every year to more than 30% of the rate of growth, as payment of part of the core e-commerce, online payment, mobile payment, mobile payment and other payment forms makes e-business is more brisk pace up. Second, the type of electronic payment electronic payment
type of business initiated by way of electronic payment instructions are divided into online payment, mobile payment, mobile payment, point of sale terminal transactions, ATM transactions and other electronic payments.
(1), online payment. Online payment is a form of electronic payment. Broadly speaking, Internet-based online payment, using the bank supported by a number of financial instruments, in between buyers and sellers of financial exchange, but from a buyer to financial institutions, merchants line between currency, cash flow, capital settlement, the process of query statistics, e-commerce and other services which provide financial support.
(2), by phone. Phone payments are a line of electronic payment forms, is that consumers use the telephone (fixed telephone, mobile phone, small accessible) or other similar telephone terminal equipment, through the banking system can directly from the personal bank account to complete payment the way.
(3), mobile payment. Mobile payment is the use of wireless mobile devices to complete payment by the behavior of a new type of payment. The mobile payment terminal can be used in mobile phones, PDA, mobile PC and so on. Third, the electronic payment tool
With the development of computer technology, more and more electronic payment tools. The payment can be divided into three categories:
e-money category, such as electronic cash, e-purse; electronic credit card categories, including smart cards, debit cards, phone cards, etc.; electronic check category, such as electronic check, electronic funds transfer (EFT), electronic transfer money and so on. These methods have their own characteristics and mode of operation for different transaction. Only put the following first electronic cash, electronic purse, smart cards and electronic checks. (1) electronic cash (E-Cash)
e-cash is (E-Cash) a kind of data in the form of currency in circulation. It converted into a cash value of the encryption sequence number, the number of these sequences to represent the reality of the market value of the amount of users in carrying out the business of electronic cash to open bank accounts and money in the account of memory, you can accept e-cash store shopping.
(2). electronic purse (ElectronicWallet)
e-wallet e-commerce activity is commonly used in online shopping customers a payment tool, small shopping or buying commodities in used when new wallet. Electronic purse has been around the world e-commerce activities in the hot topic, but also to achieve global electronic trading and Internet trading is an important tool in many countries around the world have set up an electronic purse system is to replace cash transactions model, at present, China also is developing and developed e-wallet service system. Use of electronic purse shopping, usually in the service system for electronic wallet. E-commerce activities in the electronic wallet software is usually provided free of charge, can be used directly connected with their bank account on the server e-commerce electronic purse system software can also be transferred directly from the Internet out of use, using a variety of confidential use of the electronic wallet software on the Internet. There are at present two VISAcash and Mondex electronic wallet service system, there are other e-wallet service system HP electronic payment application software (VWALLET), Microsoft electronic wallet MSWallet, IBM CommercePOINTWallet software, MasterCardcash, EuroPay the Clip and Belgium Proton and so on. (3) electronic check (ElectronicCheck, E-check or E-cheque)
electronic check is a warning from the advantages of paper check transfer payments, the use of digital transmission will shift money from one account to another an account of the electronic forms of payment. This electronic check payment is connected with the business and banking network in the password passed by the majority of use of public key encryption. Electronic check payments, lower transaction processing expense, and banks can participate in e-commerce merchants to provide standardized financial information and therefore may be the most efficient means of payment. (4) Smart Cards (SmartCardorIC)
smart card came out in France. The mid-1970s, the French company to take on a credit card RolandMoreno sized plastic card embedded in type memory chips installed on the method, first developed IC memory card. After 20 years of development, real smart cards, plastic card that is installed on the micro-controller chips embedded in type IC card, and BullHN by Motorola in 1997, the company successfully developed.
Fourth, the challenges facing China electronic payment
In recent years, China electronic payment has achieved great progress, but on the whole, the current Internet-based platform The payment network is still in its infancy, facing numerous challenges and questions.
(1). online payment hardware behind
electronic payment services for carrying out the hardware, system software, network communications and banking infrastructure and front-end and other developed areas also significantly lagged behind compared. Network development in China in recent years to speed, but the development is not balanced, and the international advanced level and domestic demand for network applications there is still a large gap. Especially below the county banking institutions, due to funding, equipment, impact, popularity of electronic banking, there are still considerable difficulty. In addition, the prevalence of network bandwidth is narrow, slow topic, but also seriously affected the operational efficiency and pay for quality.
(2). electronic payment business support systems security risk
First, the information leakage. Electronic payment business is mainly used the Internet for trading, clearing and information dissemination system. Network security vulnerability, the network can not guarantee confidentiality of information. For example: telecommunications practitioners may use the work of the staff will be very easy access to information transmitted over the network; network attacker can also take the line and other methods to steal information from the transmission channel; second is fake communication. Internet provides a flexible data exchange mechanism, but also an opportunity to fake communication. Users outside the network, as long as his device configured with the same equipment within the network, it is possible to deceive the headquarters, and its communication; if users outside the network device configuration of his equipment was the same with the headquarters, and take some measures to headquarters of the equipment block, he can fake headquarters, to deceive all the network outlets. Third, fake information. Attacker to steal the information transmitted over the network, using some of the less complex technology, especially in conjunction with internal staff, the information can be fake. For example, repeated some of the completed business and so on. These are the security risks of electronic payment, if solved, will give consumers, enterprises, banks all significant losses.
(3). the credit risk of a vicious circle will endanger the banking
electronic payment services to carry out the whole process almost all completed online, the payment of the “virtual sex “On the one hand to promote the banking sector across time and geographical constraints, it also becomes difficult to clear the transaction object, the transaction process more transparent. Not been widely accepted electronic payment instructions make electronic banking than traditional banks have a greater credit risk. Strong negative public opinion will result in bank funds or serious loss of customers. As banks restrict their level of information technology, they tend to rely on third-party service suppliers (ie, providing high-tech professional and technical services company) to assume the bank outsourcing. This area only by a few technical service suppliers to control, once they appeared in any of the subject, there will be many banks joint damage. (4) lack of technical specifications and implementation of standards
the same plan for the authority and independence authentication, data encryption strength, commercial encryption products, communications, safety control measures core technology of electronic payment services, etc. relationship between the Inter-interconnect technology parameters, are no corresponding national standards. Currently the banks their own ways, are not compatible. Moreover, trade is not the same within the banking system, developed to run on their own provincial branches of electronic payment services, establish their own CA authentication center. Drawbacks of this situation a lot. First, each line Internet banking is uneven, and different technologies, the future co-operation, mutual joint is very unfavorable; Second, duplication of investment, resulting in enormous waste of resources. Meanwhile, the trade bank self CA certificate, digital certificate issued by their customers, their customer identification practices, lack of independence and objectivity, in the event of legal disputes, trade, banks will be in a passive situation.
(5). the lack of relevant laws and regulations
So far, China banks to develop electronic payment business has been more than seven years, but the domestic laws and regulations, does not give the electronic payment business development to provide adequate protection, computer and network related legislation in the field work is lagging behind, the lack of protection of online banking and e-commerce activities to effectively carry out the legal framework. Some basic laws have not yet introduced, and the “Trade Bank Law,” “People Bank of China Act” were not involved in online banking business. Currently, besides the “Security Law”, “Secrets Act”, the People Bank of China is only the “Interim Measures for online banking governance” at work, leading banks in the dispute with a customer may be in a no laws or embarrassing situations. In addition, traditional transactions in a legally binding contract so how in the electronic media applications, electronic records as evidence on such topics as how there was no clearly defined.
(6). regulatory measures imperfections risks
First, the electronic payment business is carried out through the network, without the previous signature, stamp and paper quality certificate. Secondly, customers, banks are not all kinds of passwords and corresponding protection measures to the regulatory authority is unable to collect relevant information for investigation. Again, a variety of banking accounts and business records can be modified without leaving any traces, see the regulatory part of the data bank does not correctly reflect the situation. Electronic payment business is not only easy to induce cybercrime, but also easy to produce a variety of business risks. These characteristics of electronic payment services to financial regulation has brought some new issues. Basel Committee and national banking supervisory authorities are closely following the development of Internet banking and research, regulatory aspects of electronic payment rules is vacant.
(7). honest is too low and lack of awareness
According to the survey, users of electronic payment instruments generally set at 20 years old 35 years old, due to the use of the Internet users are mainly concentrated in this age, they go online and try to network consumption, there is a certain level of knowledge and consumption. The current credit system is not perfect, they are most worried about is get paid for non-network services and products like that of the original purchase, the quality of goods subject to the user psychological insecurity. Many practitioners think that the staff, compared to Chinese and foreign electronic payment there is a big gap between the first electronic payment application development is not comprehensive. Another is the very few people use bank cards, electronic payments and fewer people. Currently impeding the development of electronic payments is an important factor in online education is not comprehensive. Many people simply do not have access to electronic payment. In addition, the company has not really used to pay the value of goods and services to attract users, and guide the user to order.
(8). the development of third-party payment platform
As the subject of market concentration is relatively low. Intense competition among third-party payment platform, while both cooperation and competition with the banks relationship, in the case of the continuous development of online banking, the development of third-party payment platform competition by banks, which often play low-cost strategy, gross profit was is low. Get the current third party payment fee as low as 0.5% of turnover. Fierce price war and pay in the form of fee-free existence is difficult to make the company profitable domestic payments.
(9). low level of domestic computer technology affect the process of Internet banking
Currently, the development of Internet banking trend is unstoppable. All banks have set up their own on the Internet site, produced its own home page, has launched or is launching its own online banking or Internet banking and services. However, these networks do not all banks do the United States, satisfactory, and it customer service interval there is a great substantial gap between the need to strive for excellence and development. Bank of China largest trading course, several have published their own home, so that we can through the Internet to learn more about them. However, China banking system, from a technical perspective, Internet banking is a new integration technology, China computer to the network directly affects the low level of technological innovation and development banks. Domestic network of banks are foreign engineers design and installation of complete, fully grasp the initiative in the hands of foreigners, which is the security of our network of banks made a serious challenge. Only the development of computer technology in China has a considerable level, the key technology and equipment are to hold their own and manufacture, our Internet banking will have a greater development.
(10). attitudes and habits of the subject
a long time, people have become accustomed to “paid their dues, hand delivery,” the trading habits. The electronic payment completely changed the traditional methods of payment may take a few clicks of the mouse on the money to the hundreds of thousands, and parties to the transaction appears to have only a few virtual pages. Consumers and businesses use to change the payment habits of many years, the relevant parts need to make long-term, a lot of work.
five, the latest insight into the payment industry policy environment
2005 年 online payment Summit, participants manufacturers and relevant government authorities to pay part of the leadership of the People Bank, Banking Regulatory Commission leaders, legal experts , economists and other sectors for the payment industry in China are facing the policy, legal and financial basis for the deep into the exchange. Online Payment Forum 2006, there will be more industry leading color experts went to the site and make speeches, read payment guidance documents. During which you can communicate with their full share payment industry development status of the development model and its future direction for China electronic payment advice.
six exchanges of innovation, seeking to develop the road
hear about successful businesses online payment experience and successful application cases, mode of payment innovation, and experts, government officials on business the future of online payment business development and construction, the implementation of such topics as the collision of ideas, to seek long-term development.
seven payment chain to promote mutual cooperation
government, experts, banks, payment platforms, multi-representatives, interactive communication, promote cooperation, listening, and from e-commerce store trading platform and other applications of confusion with the proposed business, electronic payment industry together to promote a good environment in steady development.
8 Conclusion
e-commerce in China economic development position will become increasingly important, and solve the bottleneck of electronic payments is imminent. Existing on these topics, some can be resolved in the short term, while others are long-term existence of the subject, only the overall level of development with social progress to gradually resolve. In view of China specific national conditions, the subject is not currently need to be solved how to promote technological progress and payment of a specific model, but should be how to develop the market and build and improve the supporting environment. Only in the whole society to build China actual situation of the credit system, optimize e-commerce related legal environment and supporting facilities, security and reliability of electronic payment and progress, in order to gradually stimulate the heat of the electronic payment market, the ultimate e-commerce development in China to explore for of electronic payments.
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